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The Citadel of Saigon ((ベトナム語:Thành Sài Gòn) (:tʰâːn ʂâj ɣɔ̂n)) also known as the Citadel of Gia Dinh ((ベトナム語:Thành Gia Định) (:tʰâːn ʒaː dîˀn)) was a late 18th-century fortress that stood in Saigon (also known in the 19th century as Gia Dinh, now Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam from its construction in 1790 until its destruction in February 1859. It was destroyed in a French naval bombardment as part of the colonisation of southern Vietnam which became the French colony of Cochinchina. The citadel was only used once prior to its destruction, when it was captured by Le Van Khoi in 1833 and used in a revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng. In the late 18th century, the city of Saigon was the subject of warfare between the Tây Sơn Dynasty, which had toppled the Nguyễn Lords who ruled southern Vietnam, and Nguyen Anh, the nephew of the last Nguyen Lord. The city changed hands multiple times before Nguyen Anh captured the city in 1789. Under the directions of French officers recruited for him, a Vauban style "octagonal" citadel was built in 1790. Thereafter, the Tây Sơn never attacked southern Vietnam again, and the military protection allowed Nguyen Anh to get a foothold in the region. He used this to build an administration and strengthen his forces for a campaign that united Vietnam in 1802, resulting in his coronation as Gia Long. In 1833, his son Minh Mạng was faced with a rebellion led by Lê Văn Khôi, which started after the tomb of Khôi's father Lê Văn Duyệt was desecrated by imperial officials. The rebels took control of the citadel and the revolt continued until the imperial forces took control of the citadel in 1835. Following the capture of the citadel, Minh Mang ordered its razing and replacement with a smaller square stone-built structure, that was more vulnerable to attacks. On February 17, 1859, the citadel was captured during the French invasion after less than a day of battle and significant amounts of military supplies were seized. Realising that they did not have the capacity to hold the fort against Vietnamese attempts to recapture it, the French razed it with explosives, before withdrawing their troops. == Background == Until the 17th century, what is now southern Vietnam was not inhabited by ethnic Vietnamese but by Khmer people. What is now central Vietnam had been the seat of the kingdom of Champa, which fought the kingdom of Đại Việt over many centuries. The 1471 Vietnamese conquest of Champa saw the destruction of the Cham capital and heralded the ultimate decline of Champa. The Vietnamese continually expanded south in what is known as the ''nam tien'' (''southward march''). Central Vietnam was ruled by the Nguyễn lords, who had broken away in the early 17th century from the Trịnh lords, who ruled the north. The Nguyễn continued the southward expansion that eventually saw Vietnamese encroach into what had been Khmer territory in the Mekong Delta. The southern edge of Vietnam, being further away from the Nguyễn power base in the centre, was loosely governed.〔McLeod, pp. 2–8.〕 In 1771, the Tây Sơn rebellion erupted from Bình Định Province.〔Mantienne, p. 520.〕 In 1777, the last of the Nguyễn lords was deposed and killed.〔Hall, p. 426.〕 His nephew Nguyen Phuc Anh was the most senior member of the Nguyễn family to have survived the Tây Sơn victory and conquest of Saigon in 1777.〔Hall, p. 423.〕〔Cady, p. 282.〕〔 Nguyễn Ánh fled to Hà Tiên in the far south of the country, where he met Pigneau de Behaine,〔〔McLeod, p. 7.〕〔Karnow, p. 75.〕 a French priest who became his adviser and played a large part in his rise to power.〔 Over the next few decades, there were continuous attacks and counterattacks by both sides and Saigon changed hands frequently.〔〔Buttinger, pp. 233–241.〕〔Hall, pp. 426–429.〕 Eventually, Nguyễn Ánh was forced him into exile.〔 The Tây Sơn regularly raided the rice growing areas of the south during the harvesting season, confiscating the Nguyễns' supply of food.〔 In 1788, the Tây Sơn moved north to attack the Trịnh and unite Vietnam. Nguyễn Ánh took advantage of the situation to return to southern Vietnam.〔〔 After rebuilding his army, he recaptured Saigon on September 7, 1788.〔 His grip on the south was enhanced by a group of Frenchmen and equipment that Pigneau had recruited, although the magnitude of the aid has been the source of dispute.〔〔Buttinger, p. 266.〕〔Hall, p. 430.〕〔Hall, p. 429.〕〔Cady, p. 283.〕〔Karnow, p. 77.〕〔McLeod, p. 11.〕〔Mantienne, p. 521.〕 Having seen Saigon slip from his hands on many occasions in the previous decade,〔 Nguyễn Ánh was keen to strengthen his hold on the key southern city, turning it into his capital,〔 and the base for his preparations for his planned conquest of the Tây Sơn and Vietnam. His enemies had regularly raided the area and confiscated the rice harvest.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Citadel of Saigon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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